“As Chodorov surveyed trends in academia, it was increasingly disturbed by what he saw an article in analysis in 1950, is certainly the most significant development in the 1st The 20th century had been “transmutation of the American character from individualistic collectivist.” Why had this revolution come about? Partly because “… he was implanted in the soft but fertile student mind 40-odd years ago.” Chodorov traces the long, slow process by which socialistic ideas at allegedly permeating campuses, captured many of the best young minds, and later foundations for the new deal. In this trend had not been inevitable. In the product of conscious effort manifest injustices of the status quo, intellectual sloth of the defenders of natural rights and capitalism, and the vigor of the socialist idea. The similar effort on campuses because of individualism could itself, be believed, eventually prevail.” page 23
Chodorov was not the libertarian dismayed by “classism on the campus” in the 1950s. In 1951-year-old young graduate, William F Buckley, Jr., published a book that produced a sensation...God and Man at Yale....Buckley's intention that individualism—velocity of free enterprise, private property, and limited government—was “dying at Yale, and without a fight.” By analyzing allegedly lopsided courses and textbooks in economics but we try and prove “the net inflows of Yale economics to be thoroughly collectivists.” Page 24
On page 25, Nash confuses Keynes and Marx with what he calls a monolithic collectivism..
On page 26, Hayek's book, Capitalism and the Historians, was criticized by Arthur Schlesinger Junior of being “fiery dogmatism”.... “Americans, one would think had enough trouble with homegrown McCarthyism without importing from Viennese professors to add academic luster to the process.”
"Despite the common opposition to socialism, Keynesian economics, and the welfare state, libertarian intellectuals disagreed about the extent to which government activity was compatible with individual freedom and the market system. Clearly we are was a considerable gap between the passionate anti-statism of Chodorov and him and Mises and the more moderate use of Hayek, who disassociated himself from pure laissez-faire and argued the need for vigorous government action to establish the " rule of law" and to maintain the design of the free market." Page 26
George H Nash
According to–many conservatives in the 1950s saw the liberal value of equality and liberty as contradictory: for example in 1952 James Gipson, an Austrian, wrote “liberty and equality are in essence contradictory,”… Democracy and liberalism are concerned with 2 entirely different problems. The former is concerned with the question of who should be vested with ruling authority, only the latter deals with the freedom of the individual, regardless of who carries on the government. A democracy can be highly illerable: the Volstead act, quite democratically voted for, interfered with the dinner menus of millions of citizens. Page 58
many conservatives also believed that liberalism democracy would eventually lead to totalitarianism.
Some even saw the intellectual roots of Nazism in the Protestant Reformation, page 58
Many intellectuals of this era argued that the genealogy of evil in the Reformation era that saw totalitarianism is a democratic movement , page 58
After the irrational destruction of world war 1 and 2 many conservatives explained history as sinful and sought the revival of Christian orthodoxy. America saw the rise of Billy Graham the addition of "under God" in the "pledge of Allegiance", "in God we trust" on certain postage stamps, as reaction to the atheism perceived and communism, liberalism, Marx and Freud. Page 51
Many conservatives agreed that the so-called liberal century planted this seeds of 20th century madness, the 2 world wars.
“Ah, that's sunny, placid century with his pretty illusions of progress, this confidence that truth will always prevail in the marketplace. If that were so, why had the Nazis won in highly literate Germany? Why? ...the driving urgency of that question was evident [in conservative writings] time and time again." Nash 48
Where conservatives agreed that the so-called liberal century planted this seeds of 20th century madness, the 2 world wars.
“Ah, that's sunny, placid century with his pretty illusions of progress, this confidence that truth will always prevail in the marketplace. If that were so, why had the Nazis won in highly literate Germany? Why? ...the driving urgency of that question was evident [in conservative writings] time and time again." Nash
“Above all, the most noteworthy feature of this body of thought is the subtle fact that was overwhelmingly intellectual history. In nearly all these accounts of the decline of the West, relatively little attention was paid to “material” or “social” forces. Instead, ideas were alleged to have been decisive; ideas have had consequences. Evil thoughts had generated evil deeds. At the root of my modernity was intellectual error.”
“Despite all their disdain for the older, rootless masses against whom they rebelled, the "new conservatives" did not really regard the masses as the primary cause of the present crisis" but the intellectuals, Hobbes, Rousseau, St. Simon.
The new conservatives of the 40s and 50s did not see cause of early 20th century war and destruction as the masses that they disdained, but rather the ideas of intellectuals--Karl Marx Thomas Hobbes, St. Simon, John Locke etc., hence they believed that if you change “principal engines of history” or the ideologies (scientism, relativistic, positivistic, collectivism--liberalism) traditional belief and power systems, Christian or Platonic, Aristocratic), history would be redeemed. 48, 49
“Modern liberalism is an invitation to suicide" John Hollowell (Nash) p.39
According to George Nash, “liberalism, with its cult of suspended judgment, was flabby and confused; it had too long allowed itself to be seduced, even raped, by totalitarian ideologues." page 39
“As conservative intellectuals examined the fruits of liberal ideas, they frequently noted was special distaste the spectacular rise of a mass society and the cult of the common man." George Nash page 39
Russell Kirk: Russell Kirk's book "The Conservative Mind" "distillation of the thinking of 150 years of the intellectual Right, it was also a relentless assault on every left wing panacea in error imaginable. The perfectibility of man, and contempt for tradition, political and economic leveling–these were, in person you, the most prominent among post 1789 attacks on social order. Liberalism, collectivism, utilitarianism, positivism, atomistic individualism, leveling humanitarianism, pragmatism, socialism, ideology... capitalism and industrialism...modernity.” Page 65
“With the advent of Russell Kirk, the new conservative or traditionalist segment of the renascent American Right reached full bloom.” “it was Kirk's argument, in fact, that the American tradition was fundamentally Burkean." 68
Mises: " the essential teaching of liberalism is that social cooperation and the division of labor can be achieved only in a system of private ownership of the means of production, that is, within a market society, or capitalist. All the other principles of liberalism–democracy, personal freedom of the individual, freedom of speech and of the press, religious tolerance, peace among nations–are consequences of this basic postulate. They can be realized only within a society based on private property." page 8
On page 2 and 3–summarizes the work of Frederick Hayek, the Road to serfdom, economic planning leads to dictatorship, since “economic control is not really control the sector of human life which can be separated from the rest is the control of the means for all our ends. And whoever has sole control of the means must also determine which answers are to be served which values are to be rated higher in which low and short what man should believe and strive for.” Page 3
“Collectivism, in short–all collectivism–was inherently totalitarian; “democratic socialism” was illusory and “unachievable”.”George Nash page 3
Frederick "Hayek argued that “the rise of fascism and nazism was not a reaction against the socialist trends of the proceeding period but a necessary outcome of those tendencies ."" George Nash page 3
"The 'fundamental principle' but this creed was 'that in the ordering of our affairs we should make as much use as possible of the spontaneous forces of society, and resort as little as possible to coercion..' that did not mean however that government shouldn't be in active... strenuously denied that his brand of liberalism was identical with laissez-faire.. he proposed the concept of the rule of law government and all its actions is bound by rules fixed and announced before such a principle would be off work often require vigorous government action designed to facilitate competition in the continued functioning of a free society under such a system in fact limitations of working hours, sanitary regulations, and even minimum-wage laws and social insurance would be permitted but always the design of such interventions must be the preservation of competitive private initiative and private property and the rules of the game would have to be applied equally, page 4
argument John, there's a basic contradiction between libertarianism of Hayek and the traditionalist conservative. her
According to George Nash, “liberalism, with its cult of suspended judgment, was flabby and confused; it had too long allowed itself to be seduced, even raped, by totalitarian ideologues." page 39
“As conservative intellectuals examined the fruits of liberal ideas, they frequently noted was special distaste the spectacular rise of a mass society and the cult of the common man." George Nash page 39
Russell Kirk: Russell Kirk's book "The Conservative Mind" "distillation of the thinking of 150 years of the intellectual Right, it was also a relentless assault on every left wing panacea in error imaginable. The perfectibility of man, and contempt for tradition, political and economic leveling–these were, in person you, the most prominent among post 1789 attacks on social order. Liberalism, collectivism, utilitarianism, positivism, atomistic individualism, leveling humanitarianism, pragmatism, socialism, ideology... capitalism and industrialism...modernity.” Page 65
“With the advent of Russell Kirk, the new conservative or traditionalist segment of the renascent American Right reached full bloom.” “it was Kirk's argument, in fact, that the American tradition was fundamentally Burkean." 68
Mises: " the essential teaching of liberalism is that social cooperation and the division of labor can be achieved only in a system of private ownership of the means of production, that is, within a market society, or capitalist. All the other principles of liberalism–democracy, personal freedom of the individual, freedom of speech and of the press, religious tolerance, peace among nations–are consequences of this basic postulate. They can be realized only within a society based on private property." page 8
On page 2 and 3–summarizes the work of Frederick Hayek, the Road to serfdom, economic planning leads to dictatorship, since “economic control is not really control the sector of human life which can be separated from the rest is the control of the means for all our ends. And whoever has sole control of the means must also determine which answers are to be served which values are to be rated higher in which low and short what man should believe and strive for.” Page 3
“Collectivism, in short–all collectivism–was inherently totalitarian; “democratic socialism” was illusory and “unachievable”.”George Nash page 3
Frederick "Hayek argued that “the rise of fascism and nazism was not a reaction against the socialist trends of the proceeding period but a necessary outcome of those tendencies ."" George Nash page 3
"The 'fundamental principle' but this creed was 'that in the ordering of our affairs we should make as much use as possible of the spontaneous forces of society, and resort as little as possible to coercion..' that did not mean however that government shouldn't be in active... strenuously denied that his brand of liberalism was identical with laissez-faire.. he proposed the concept of the rule of law government and all its actions is bound by rules fixed and announced before such a principle would be off work often require vigorous government action designed to facilitate competition in the continued functioning of a free society under such a system in fact limitations of working hours, sanitary regulations, and even minimum-wage laws and social insurance would be permitted but always the design of such interventions must be the preservation of competitive private initiative and private property and the rules of the game would have to be applied equally, page 4
argument John, there's a basic contradiction between libertarianism of Hayek and the traditionalist conservative. her
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